Dong Nai social - economic life and culture pre - History- Part II

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     Dong Nai pottery primarily serve the needs of agriculture, besides making tools for many other professions , such as bullets for hunting wild birds , cooking pot - pour ladles and foundry molds of land for cultivation kind , and will only spool for textile industry , lead to fishing nets , weights for commercial , public float ceramic containers shaped ceramic piece ... The specialty of this ancient craft shows most clearly the " character " simple and pragmatic material culture of Dong Nai . It is also revealed in the production life - fighting , in lifestyle and spiritual life of the community where people share here .

    Include Dong Nai , with the exception of foam made ​​from clay less bone alluvial river ( with trace elements 0.01 % zinc , 0.1 % phosphorus ) basically rough and hard , firing high level ( moderate to 500 - 6000C mineral caolinit canceled due almost ) be of good quality , solid ceramic Dong Son and not lose more than the Sa Huynh pottery types at all . Dishes are usually done with the help of the massage table and turntable techniques from rapid sand filtration mountain clay , plant residues , crushed mollusk shells , some of the coal phase , and often many minerals . Based on the results of chemical analysis of ceramic components via chemical research - ray spectrum and Ron - jealousy by E. Saurin , Hoang Thi Body and Vietnam scientists behind this , we can see many different sources of clay potter history of mining in place . For example , in the red area of Xuan Loc and Gia Rai Basalt contains 70 % clay content mountains , the " clay mine " large reserves as white clay , white clay gray in Thai Hoa ( near Ho Nai ) , Three Gorges ( to 10 m thick ) , Northern abdomen ( near Thanh Hoa , Thuan Giao ) , in Earth Hoes ( near Tan Uyen ) , or clay sediments in Ben Cat ( near Chanh Luu ) ... In addition, the bone mineral additives in ceramics Dong Nai can be exploited from coastal sandbars river alluvium derived from northeast flow through areas with no government or big Basalt Xuan Loc - Long Khanh , with original mineral sources ( example : have the original minerals such as olivine Basalt , ferro - magnesien , spinelle limenite ; mineral origin as hornbleinde granite , zircon , mica , rutile , micro - granite , rhyolite ( quartz , corrodes ) from metamorphic rocks quality - staurotite , sedimentary rock - GRES , laterite - ecomite ferrogineux , feldspar ... ) , additives raw material supply for many ancient Dong Nai pottery kiln .

     Dong Nai often include thick coat coating is applied to many types of red brown , yellow , gray , white , green , black with tint . In addition to the text format derived technical accounting major and is often used as the background brush , rope , print , also incised text , strokes create ice , sculpted , smoothed edges and color paint brush head small , independent express or coordination , forming hundreds motype and various decorative scheme , but the simplicity and elegant and is usually limited to the upper container . Van put in your mouth or carved shell hole with straw and stalk thick decor throughout relics, including on-base ( characteristic of ceramic decoration in coastal Sa Huynh ) to the unfamiliar rare here . About types of home appliances Dong Nai no less " special " , especially chum or not spherical ice rim incised shoulder , bowls, plates anxious ; trays hold with high heel and wide , cylindrical cups , pots cracked mouth , round-bottomed flask -shaped or not the means to decorate plain ; your container type ribbed shoulder causeway ; fire oven fishermen or farmers living on the floor ... But overall, Dong Nai pottery rustic simplicity , while Dong Son pottery and ceramics in northern central coast of Sa Huynh phenotypically rich , charming style decoration more harmonious .

    Stone production occupations : These occupations are the most universal and classic , starring most of the major muscle manipulation techniques of stone processing industry history - search and selection of materials , split dam , which pinches , roughly smashed directly and indirectly , one or more amendments , grinding down and polishing , repair and modification to utilize waste products , sawing and drilling ... This craft is also acting as the technical foundation of economic development - social Dong Nai , " has contributed to the identities and physical characteristics of the most fundamental cultural life resident Dong Nai " ( Nguyen Cong Binh - Le Xuan Diem - Mac Duong 1990) . Products of " fine art " accounted for over 80 % of the total number of working tools - weapons and items Dong Nai ancient art , with diverse sources of data mining workers stones in place . Most popular rock horns or horn plates , derived from claystone - siltstone ; eruptive rocks , mainly andezite , andezitobazalt ( porfirit ) , daxit porfir metamorphosed , with the major mineral components are quartz brother , cocdierit , biotite have carbonate , epidot - zoizit have hornblende or feldspar , chlorite , xerixit , porfir ( eruption acid ) . Also Basalt rocks or Dolerite olivine , biotite quartzite or quartzite metamorphosed from sandstone . Basically, we have the original architectural distortion ( less kind architecture Garbo ) , fine- grain variations , often exposed thermal metamorphism , composed of white smoke , the particles are usually smooth , hard but brittle , medium appropriate for manipulation and tool use , easy to exploit as many sources of data available in pebble beach exposed along the Dong Nai river system and tributaries in both left and right bank . In addition to the site ( such as Non- hill ) specialized fabrication techniques bracelet chisel and drill core split at 1-2 face from the soft stone or block status as Basalt , Sandstone smooth , gray- green mudstone , sandstone metamorphism , black horn plates , horn rock andalurit , xerixit , chlorite , quartz , quartzite little , daxit ; finished products of the industry elite crafted native stone is the herds stone - typical products for talent , " the mentor stone " Dong Nai and charismatic appearance and cultural landscape ancient Dong Nai , discovered in the ancient village of Binh Da, Go Me , Rach leaves , starting with image collection can be found in stone Spirit Stream . In the ancient village development phase high culture , can be observed apparent remission role of tools - stone weapons are closely related to the emergence and growth of the corresponding artifacts in brass and iron .

    The raw source material gathered from the excavations here ( sandstone molds , copper cooking pot and ladle , copper slag and natural products form collection tools - weapons - jewelry - from art relics tombs and treasures ) certainty about the indigenous craft production molds and training regime in place metal items in the ancient village of Dong Nai series : the Great Wall , the tomb , Rach leaves , shells , Binh Most , Go Me , stream selection, Dau ... For the first time in Southeast Asia , we are witnessing a collection of several hundred mold specimens from 25 sites , 11 sites alone B.C of Millenium I have obtained nearly 144 specimens = 95 % Dong Nai entire mold . In which, the amount of mold in vertical excavation ( 76 units ) and Bung Silver ( 38 units ) was greater than the whole face of this long collection in Southeast Asia ( Laos , Thailand , Malaysia and Indonesia ) . Of course , on the South East localities there is no current efforts seek certification traces of copper ore mining operation with ore and alloys should be preliminarily processed metal . The absence of copper ore resources in the territory of Dong Nai and local studies - turned - out of Indochina bronze know , lets assume that the ancient artisans Dong Nai metallurgy can use imported ores the vicinity by means of trade exchanges and equality primarily through periodic blood flow and vessel Mekong Song . Spectral analysis of specimens said tools - weapons - Dong Nai art relics are not made ​​from pure copper , which is from man-made brass alloy : Sn + Cu + Pb ( 61 , 4 % ) , Cu + Pb + Sn ( 22.7 % ) , or mixed metals Cu + Sn ( 9.1 % ) and Cu + Pb ( 6.8 % ) . During the monument system Phung Nguyen - Dong Son , accounting for the largest number of sample groups alloy Cu + Sn + Pb ( 34.7 % ) , Cu + Pb + Sn ( 25.5 % ) and mixed metallic Cu + Sn ( 20 % ) , while pure copper accounted for 11.7 % ( Trinh Sinh 1988) . The rate is quite similar to that recorded in the alloy composition of Non Nok Tha Collection (Thailand ) , which, mixed metallic Cu + Pb + Sn According to W. Solheim II collection is characterized by typical Dong Son bronze .

    In prehistoric landscape - primary use in Southeast Asia , we can now come to recognize that : Since the second half of Millenium II B.C , according to the casting center " Dong Son style " in North Vietnam and southern China , northeastern Thailand with potential into production furnace metallurgical origins of brass throughout the region . Under the influence of these centers and built on the foundation materials imported from Thailand , has arisen and professional development metalworking brass in Dong Nai . An independent metallurgical center , but depending on the ore source , has specialized in mold style 2-4 to bring mass-produced products of their own brass may have formed on the boundary 2 Millenium II - I B.C downstream of the Mekong . Starting millenium I B.C , the Dong Nai smelters supply for the community 's share of diamonds in South Sa Huynh culture almost the entire tool - weapon - brass jewelry , but few centuries later continue to transfer iron . Along with cutting-edge weapons and musical styles through casting drum with patterns of " Dong Son style " and the unique relics of the Dong Nai , ax blade is hollow , religious small chains , knives and reap circular object ( vent Manis javanica ) , the region's largest mold growth achieved certification of vocational training institutions metal items in foundries around the Dong Nai , depicting the technical advances and characteristics of high stage of development in traditional cultural history - Dong Nai and primary use , along with Dong Son and Thailand , to believe that Dong Nai has really become one of the most important centers of brass metal smelting South East Asia .

    From between Millenium I B.C , Dong Nai actually become a wrought-iron center with complete product soon proved to be a life history profile of Dong Nai is more peaceful battle , even though this is "Age tree for iron " ( F.Engels ) . The universal tool of labor - farming - harvesting iron contributes conversion quality and labor productivity , expand economic subregions and exploit new production , strengthening economic relations - skills technical - local culture , the creation of conditions for focusing cipher assets , accumulated treasures , rich and poor differentiation and tried pulling power center , meet the actual pressure of population growth - mobile migration - migration and development needs of indigenous primitive society into a civilized society primitive structure of the first State . The appearance of the tool - iron weapons on the field of battle and Dong Nai as well as the early history at the start of the route weights in vertical stone and iron in Phu Hoa . This is physical evidence to confirm the conservation thrive in the new level of production not merely serve the needs of the local indigenous societies , but also respond to deploy commercial exchange from the foreign food - the food sources of ore , production of art - jewelry and ritual dedicated to - your spiritual beliefs and many other items .

    There may be here and since this time , has formed on the floor of the agricultural community social division of labor among primitive key economic sectors ( agriculture with upland rice cultivation is universal and rice cultivation in the sub- region most likely real , growing vegetables , root crops - fruits and livestock ) and the food supply industry - a history of other food ( hunting , fishing , gathering products real - animals of mountains , streams, rivers , swamps and seas) . The partition exploit the potential positive nature of each sub-region and specialization of the most important cottage industries , the enforcement team mechanic job , first and foremost serve the traditional demands of all economic religion and contemporary requirements of the agricultural economy farming, mining , handicraft production and exchange internal and foreign trade zone , which acts as a " powerful lever of production " society ( F. Engels ) . In the overall structure of the community culture ethnic Dong Nai , use the hoe agriculture land rice cultivation and deployment where Delta is the foundation and motivation for the development of diverse specialization but support systems industries . Main agricultural development of the " economic base " of social history - Dong Nai primary use , as well as the " economic base of both the culture and the most developed civilization " ( Masson VM 1983) .

    Local Government in the " gateway " ( gateway ) of the flow of cultural exchanges - river engineering on the South China Sea , which is considered " the crossroads of the arts " ( Le Carrefour des Arts ) ( Groslier BP 1961) , or " resident crossroads of civilization " ( Carrefour de Peuple et de Civilisation ) ( Janse O.1961 ) , the Dong Nai traders , on the boat or hollow tree, rafts , trade reverse the flow or blood vessels along the coast , the opening of trade and exchange journey with many lands - islands of Southeast Asia and other continents . There may in fact survived the historic trade route on land , over mountains and through the jungle more arduous ; But in Turkey I tr.CN , when the regional dimension of " Dong Son style " made formation , we have more solid basis to believe that Vietnamese traders have enough willpower and ability to use his familiar big boat ( other than a boat would not engraved on bronze drums that they are working assumed ) along the largest flow the Mekong in Southeast Asia through the relevant territory in Dong Nai , or they open direct sea route to the Eastern Sea beyond . This is also the way cultural exchange - trade - the transfer industry - spreading the inspiration of art and religious history - the most critical application and use the best possible with the use of natural terrain inland waterway , the river , crossing directly or indirectly through cultural bridge in Dong Nai .​