Dong Nai social - economic life and cultural pre - history - Part I

​    With the archaeological information now , it can be stated that : The advancement of the entire social life of material - the prehistoric spirit - Dong Nai usage profile is built on the foundation of agricultural economics expansion of agriculture and manual labor , which is the first industry to build common tools ( generalized tools) and stone tools directly to make a living by exploiting specialization timber bamboo ( specilized tools) ceramic industry , metallurgy and later was weaving . It is in this kind of economic production , the tendency of economic activity is the most important method of rice farming - vegetables primitive bring the ancient Dong Nai basic food source , and the permanent nature best quality , which itself has reigned here almost everywhere and in the historical period .

    The ancient Dong Nai could have started right from the time rice residence in Iron Bridge - Spring Spirit over 4,000 years ago . The natural grain and rice shell or straw traces of embryos observed in ceramic or wooden containers and architecture in Tan Phuoc Hung , The Van , Ban Silver as well as some other sites in Dong Nai clarify the engagement workshops with flower economic life and their culture . According to agronomist T. Watabe (1978 ) , the most ancient species of cultivated rice , Vietnam 's best selling paint the hills of South Indochina widely grown continuously extends to AD Oriza sativa species . This rice varieties mediated nature of upland rice and paddy rice ; microscopic particle size and short ( 4.4 x 2.1 cm ) " is dryland crops in general ." They differ rice , though the country still needs to grow in the given period with hills and sales plateau of Dong Nai "Virtually cultivation mainly based on weather and seasonal rainfall favorable than for rice land here around September to May calendar " .

    The presence of the neighborhoods just settled for years, even up to 300-600 years with considerable thickness of the cultural layer uninterrupted physical activity as an important indirect evidence to confirm the most essential basis of long- term settlement of a large number of shares , and the key role of upland rice farming does not use traction in the ancient economic development in Dong Nai . In the local scene - tropical ecology Southeast , the instructions noted almost all the necessary and sufficient conditions for the development of upland agriculture in the fertile delta of the Dong Nai river system . It is in the sub- critical areas , we are witnessing the birth convergence and concentration of production of agricultural dwellers ancient Dong Nai . This is evidenced by the vestige settlers from 1-3 hectares , which remains inside each contain specific types of basic agricultural importance of the production process , starting from the cut trees , found optical cultivation , harvesting and processing grain finish by harvesting , threshing and grinding grain , grain reserves and consumption of agricultural products .

    First of all , the major types of artifacts and the most common , can identify almost anywhere in Dong Nai , when there was an investigation , survey , or reconnaissance archaeological excavations . These types of artifacts that are viewed as being the ancient agricultural tools Dong Nai used to cut trees luminescent zoned upland fields and farmland digging or processing of bamboo and other wooden farming tools , such as four axes , hoes , tomorrow or spade stone and metal brass or iron . If you like baseball collection and grinding table is detected much longer do researchers explain disturbed when grains are processed sugar or wild ; then reap universal knife collection in Dong Nai confirmed their significance for the harvest , with the oldest type of stone types in the ancient village of iron Bridge - Spring Spirit , picking blades vertical brass and iron crescent buried in grave Xuan Loc chum . Very likely , the harvest with the help of stone or copper fixtures knife on bamboo wood rolling chassis only place for plucking grain on the fields , upland fields related to local legend explains Rice Mother and beliefs take the rice agriculture centered . The appearance of the crescent iron grip investigating officers and edged tools reap the harvest of accommodation suitable for both flooded and can take advantage of all the plants that make straw . These factors have important implications in demonstrating that the development of agriculture in the lower Dong Nai has reached a high level . So therefore , that the harvest was much easier and faster, the working efficiency is improved markedly at the same time meet the requirements of the locality where the new harvest , different agricultural traditions of Copper Nai neck .

    Along with the absence in Dong Nai plowing techniques used ( related to the use of traction animals and humans , such as co- discovered 73 plows in many parts of the ancient Vietnamese ecology ) , the extension of agricultural tools combined with bold features and harvesting cultivated in Dong Nai terrain domain is specific evidence for the assumption of the presence of simple forms and oldest agricultural economy rice sold local paint on the economic area - the residential metal key part Basalt red soil plains and alluvial terraces system share . The water in the delta rice with less drought-tolerant species ( such as intensive production in the southern delta today) was recorded quite late here . If R.O. Whyte (1972 ) have economic sense for wet rice agriculture could not appear before the popularization of iron , which is present in Dong Nai iron according to the evidence available no earlier than 500 calendar years before Christ , the rice agriculture if present in the Dong Nai Basin at this time also localized coastal marshes where the sea nearby , the new floating isles and beaches accretion , not really developed ground on most continents territory ( Ha Van Tan 1987; Pham Duc Manh 1991) . Before rice became an important food crop for the bubbling under new farming techniques nuances of intensive rice cultivation " in the delta " new formations , mainly in the Mekong Delta , where the first evidence no earlier than the first century 2-7 AD , may firmly believe that agriculture land rice cultivation , fruit tree - roots for flour and other food crops are carried out extensive hilly area selling diamond plateau , stream valleys and high plains river in prehistoric Dong Nai .

    The agricultural use metal tools to cut down trees in the forest reclaimed and cultivated harvest has created the ability to increase the production of agricultural crops , marking an important stage in the administration and implementation manufacturing sector 's major employers economy symbiotic land prehistoric Dong Nai - primary use . The presence of the large collection of ceramic jars with a height of up to 50-80 cm and a diameter roughly equivalent to the abdomen , the large amount of debris in our series remains resident in Dong Nai as well as the indirect evidence proving the efficiency of local agricultural production , because , in addition to containing the ability to use water for daily living needs of residence , a commonly used functions can be thought of preserving food . And , if the large jars Dong Nai specialized food grain storage after harvest , they have no capacity is less than 100 kg / template .

    The evolution of agricultural production associated with metallurgy was developed to enhance livelihood security and primitive living standards and record economic progress - a new culture of Dong Nai societies , particularly from TNK half after I tr.CN. While bringing food products is clearly more stable than one job to another , the main agricultural crop and crop rotation on most types of terrain to the forefront of upland rice , root crops besides for flour , strengthening food reserves - food community , facilitating sustainable settlements and expanding distribution throughout the living delta wetlands riparian and sea access , consolidate wealth and power management production of each individual group , led to the emergence of clearer division of wealth and power , particularly evident in the " age of iron sword " in the " Plain of Jars " Xuan Loc , led to the emergence current class polarization in the heart of Dong Nai primitive society in the early Iron age . It is also the base platform ensures economic life and stability of entire societies work " ... in one of the most fertile land Contemporary Southeast Asia ( Bellwood P. 1978) .

    In terms of ecological environment of tropical South , dry rice farming and fruit trees - roots show positive exploitation of ground and soil depth Dong Nai obviously bring a major food source and stable for most , but not separated methods to make a living and to fully exploit the resources of other habitats , such as breeding and hunting birds , crabs and snails along streams , fishing in the lake and fishing long dress on river - sea , gathering wild fruit , tree resin to coat colored ceramic bowl , leaf picking medicines, or grain ( as Ko - nia ) provides oil and vegetable protein ... The synthesis of the archaeological resource , particularly the food inspection cell survival neck , for we know of no small role in this economic exploitation , as well as the overwhelming of hunting birds compared with blanket prehistoric farming in Dong Nai . Appraisal results of animal bones unearthed in ancient villages of Dong Nai culture ( Binh Da , Anshan , his family , Rach Nui , Party, vertical , Bung Silver , The Wall ... ) said to than 50 kg of bones and teeth taming wild animals to spend tens of thousands of copies of the : eat meat ( Carnivora ) , rodents ( Rodentia ) , herbivores ( Herbivora ) or even clogs ( Artiodaetyla ) . Of these, more than 400 templates are verified dogs ( Canisfamiliaris ) is currently the largest collections of Southeast Asia , nearly 800 more than 250 specimens of wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) , each weighing an average 70-75 kg , there when up to 100 kg ; 10 specimens of bison ( Bos gaurus ) bones and nearly 20 species of animals , reptiles , crustaceans, and other mollusks . For as there are species living in the jungle of reeds as : VOC emissions ( macaca , Semnopithecus ) , reported gold ( Felis Temineki ) , elephant ( Elephas indicus ) , ferret odor ( Paradorurus hermaphroditus ) , muntjac deer ( Cervus Eldis , Axis porcinus , Cervidae sp . , Muntiacus Mutjac ) , cross- cross ( Tragulus sp . ) , mold iguana ( Varanus cf . Salvator ) , bird or chicken forest have lived in coastal marsh species such as rhinos ( culbitus ) , baby otter ( Lutra cf . sumatrana ) , or under water such as large golden tortoise ( Testudo sp . ) , crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus ) , leng snail , snails , most , oysters , crab ... ( Le Trung Fair 1980 , 1985 , 1989) .

    The survival analysis clarified the original food resources are abundant woodlands of dress and Dong Nai river sea metal era , has provided important data sources for understanding and interesting " menu " of prehistoric and hunting practices - processing - food - utilization of materials processing tools - weapons - the jewels of " Skating " and the old fishermen Dong Nai . For example , the use of dogs while hunting , keeping house , protect agricultural cultivation ; kill wild boar needs not only to satisfy the ancient inhabitants of food , but also to protect crops , the butchered interesting in the field hunting , taking brain supplements pig skulls , limb bones to suck the marrow break ; due to interesting trim remains scorched or suggestions predators are being cut for workers eat baked or boiled ; way screws tight ass taking molluscs ; question crocodile or large fish with large hooks made ​​from deer antlers , image processing tool axes role in sea turtle shell , sharpened ulna awls and needles dogs , animal horn or bone preparations made ​​jewelry power ....

    It is also the traditional habits , besides other specific practices , also noted in the community life of many ethnic groups in Southeast Asia mainland and islands , of which 3 animals closest to human people are dogs , pigs and chickens . This is the third human animals are carrying the world while conquering the Pacific islands . According to some scholars , the domesticated pig ( Sus domestica ) from Sus scrofa format with natural space limitations in prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia , Sumatra and Java , is the most important animal because they demonstrate presence of agriculture. If true pigs are domesticated they need , even if only partially , fed by the food produced by humans , and therefore the economic foundation built on hunter - gatherers is very simple humans are not supplied .

    In Dong Nai in the age of metal , 2 side economic activities directly put into products to meet the food needs - food , economic sectors auxiliary craft have an important role to provide agricultural tools and equipment and means for livelihood activities such as hunting , fishing , and gathering subsistence typical idyllic spirit of this cultural domain owner . Some crafts Dong Nai is very special tradition , but only through the instrument identification or preserved ingredients . For such craft spinning - weaving ( trace collection is only 500 teams will terracotta fiber and fabric stains on the furniture in accordance burial bury the dead ) ; knitting fishing nets ( mesh type transparent red or plug - car ) , carpentry ( as stilts , boats , built for - knife - crossbows - roller - key ... ) ; craft items crafted bone , horn ( roughly , sharpening , grinding , sawing , cutting , split , separated , refined from raw materials such as deer antlers , dog bone forearm , vertebrae mammals, sea turtle shell , pearl shell as tools - tools - weapons - jewelry ) iron forging ( tool products - weapons - allows visualization jewelry manufacturing methods and processes simple rudimentary technology , from natural ore smelting furnace put in by means of heated reconstituted brought by " bellows " of the oven forged on the anvil and bring mound shaped objects ) ( Nguyen Cong Binh - Le Xuan Diem - Mac Duong , 1990 ) . Here, the focus presents many existing vocational area most material , such as ceramic , stone processing and refining of brass alloy .